Details About HRM

As human resource management is concerned with the people dimension in organization, at first, we should know organization in detail. Organizations are human associations in which two or more people seek to achieve a common goal or set of goals. In other word, organizations are established by the people and for the people. It consists of people working together through interrelationships and interactions. Organizations are created to achieve different goals. To achieve goals it should run various activities. Therefore an organization must consist of a structure, which defines jobs and relationships. In organization, different levels and division of jobs are defined to achieve specialization through division of labours. Organization design and job descriptions are the part of organizational structure, which limit the behaviour of the members in organizations. Organizations depend on people to make them operate. An organization is nothing without resources. If we remove the employees from the organization, there is nothing but a pile raw material, machines, and physical commodities. Organization consists of the combination of different resources, among which human resource is the superior. But how did these people come to be employees in the organizations; How were they found and selected? Why do they come to work on a regular basis? Hoe do they know what to do on their jobs? How does management know if the employees are performing adequately? It they are not, what can be done about it? Answers of these questions lie in the subject of human resource management. But before we attempt to understand how and organization should manage its human resources, we need to answer the generic question, what is management? Management is the process of efficiently getting work activities completed with and through other people. An organization consists of goals and limited resources. To achieve goals, different activities are to be done. As there is limited resources, to get activities completed, the resources should be allocated properly. Simply, management is the act of allocating scare resources to achieve goals and getting required activities completed with and through other people. The management process includes the planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities that take place to accomplish bjectives. Managing people in an organization is human resource management. Since every organization is made up of people, acquiring their services, developing their skills, motivating them to high levels of performance and ensuring that they continue to maintain their commitment to the organization are essential to achieving organizational objectives. This is true regardless of the type of organizat ion-government, business, education, health or social organizational objectives. This is true regardless of the type of organization-government, business, education, health or social welfare. Organizational effectiveness depends largely on the performance of people working in organizations. Management concerned to increase in performance of human resources is human resource management. It aims at achieving organizational goals through improvements in the productive contribution of people. It is concerned with philosophy, principles and practices related to human aspects of management. It keeps balance between the goals of organization and the goals of the individual.

Culture Lens

Culture lens Ford went through a hard time, not just because of the outside gloomy economics, but also the pressure of a dysfunctional, often defeatist culture. In Ford’s long business history, culture is not constant; it evolves, the business culture had been changed generation by generation in the economic progress and globalization. Both of essence and dross has been passed down in a grown bureaucracy, where people lost their innovation and structure is messy. The new chief executive of Ford Motor Co. , Alan R. Mulally was taking a culture revolution in this giant machine in order to pull it out of the deep mud.Organization values †¢Pioneered modern management techniques Period 1: Ford is the birthplace of the assembly line and home of the celebrated Whiz Kids, which highly increase the efficiency in the production and copied by the other companies. Period 2: After 1960s, Ford fell into a reverse way and has degenerated into a symbol of inefficiency. Right now, it has four parallel operating units and the company has more than 30 engineering platforms worldwide, each with its own costly bureaucracy, factories, and product development staff.Period 3: Mulally took a big step and would like to reduce the level of complexity. He wants to get that number down to five or six platforms, similar to Honda. More importantly, Ford tries to eliminate all of its unnecessary duplication. †¢Cooperation and efficiency Period 1: After assembly line been introduced to the world, Ford impressed all of their competitors by their highly cooperated work and their efficiency, employees worked together and impede the flaws passing to the next connection. Until the mid-'60s, Ford was considered a management shrine.Period 2: The bureaucracy at Ford grew, and managers took refuge in the structure when things got tough rather than innovate or try new ideas that seemed risky. Personal ties became important in Ford, ambitious managers focused increasingly on kissing the right rings instead of racking up results, which discouraged collaboration. Period 3: With Mulally’s idea, moving job tenures to a long tenure, collaboration would become more important in the future production and management. He has made it a top priority to encourage his team to admit mistakes, to share more information, and to cooperate across divisions †¢Customer focusPeriod 1: Ford focused on customer needs, developed scientific consumer research techniques, which was one of the first auto companies to create products that were based on hard data rather than the personal tastes of executives. Period 2: Employees consider more about their logics than customers’ needs. The tendency of employees is to rationalize mistakes instead of fixing them. Period 3: Mulally wants managers to think more about customers than their own careers. Shared assumptions †¢Rationalize problem instead of fixing problemsIn the example, it is easy to tell that employees’ log ic with problems, rationalizing mistakes instead of fixing them and focusing on customers’ needs. †¢Royal hierarchy Within almost half century’s development, Ford has been fallen into a costly bureaucracy structure. People in the organization have their own status, and it is not allowed to share information freely, manager focus on their rings more than their jobs. †¢Mediocrity is acceptable Weary corporate lifers have become all too comfortable with the idea of losing money.They do not think about to fix problems or try new ideas that seemed risk but took refuge in the structure when things got tough. †¢Resist with outsiders Ford is a place that's notorious for destroying auto industry outsiders–and Mulally is admittedly no car guy. Despite Bill Ford's strong backing, employees are looks arrogant and resist the revolution from outside. Symbols †¢blue oval logo Ford’s logo is highly impressive by their customers, even in the economic c risis, Ford still can pledge their icon to finance enough money from banks and bondholders to turnaround. Assembly line This new product line created quite a stir when it had been introduced to product line; it changed the way manufacturing factory to run their business. What’s more, it is still significantly influence the world and operated in almost all of the manufacturing business. †¢Henry Ford Henry Ford obviously is an outstanding personage in business area, he invented auto business and changed the way people assemble their products. Even right now, when people talk about Ford, we still cannot ignore his impact in the auto area. †¢Bureaucratic organizationThere are no other companies like Ford, has a high level of complexity within their organization structure. There are four parallel operating units and more than 30 engineering platforms worldwide. On the other side, duplication was common in the company; no two vehicles in Ford's lineup share the same mirro rs, headlamps, or even such mundane pieces as the springs and hinges for the hood. Changes in culture system can be slow and painful for an organization, especially in the high developed bureaucracy. However, the importance to take the revolution is obviously, with regard to globalization and fierce competition.

A Story About Wwf Essay Research

A Narrative About Wwf Essay, Research Paper A narrative about WWF # 8220 ; Welcome everybody to Raw IS War! Tonight s chief event is Biting poetries Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Before we begin, here is a small information on the rival, Sting, # 8221 ; announced Vince McCann. # 8220 ; He hails from Death Valley, California. At 7 pess tall and over 300 lbs, he is the biggest grappler in the WWF. He is the Man from the dark side, # 8221 ; Jim Ross stated. # 8220 ; Ladies and Gentlemen # 8230 ; .. here is your rival # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. Biting! # 8221 ; The crowd cheers as Biting walks down the incline. He is stopped at the underside of the incline to be interviewed by Gene Oakerland. # 8220 ; Sting, if I can inquire you one inquiry. Why do you desire the rubric so severely? # 8221 ; # 8221 ; Well Gene, of all time since I was a kid, the title belt has been held by disrespecting perverts. I feel it s clip for a existent title-holder get the belt. That is why I m here, I m the people s cham # 8230 ; .. # 8221 ; Before biting could complete his sentence he is attacked by HHH. HHH s spouse distracted the referee long plenty for him to present the lay waste toing Piledriver. With Biting s caput exposed, HHH drops to the land and drives Biting s exposed caput on the cement floor. The force was plenty to interrupt his cervix. Sting was knocked out from the force of the impact. When he awoke, he was in an ambulance. # 8220 ; Where am I? Person please state me where I am, # 8221 ; Biting pleaded. The paramedic treated him to quiet down. # 8220 ; I can t move! I can t travel # 8221 ; he would state. It took about half an hr to Sharp Hospital. Two physicians were waiting for him when he arrived. The instantly took him to the operating room. It was here that Biting found out that he had suffer ed a broken spinal column. The physician ordered an experimental operation. It was a extremely unsafe operation. One muss up could kill the ace. It took five hours to finish the hard operation. Sting was wheeled into his private room. To do him experience more at place, the room was decorated with WWF ware. When Biting woke up, he had a crisp hurting in his cervix. The physician gave him some medical specialty to assist. It worked a small spot. About three hours after he woke up, a physician came in and told him that he likely neer be able to wrestle once more. Biting bosom sunk. He didn T privation to hear that. It was approximately seven in the forenoon when Biting went to kip. It had been about 10 hours since he arrived at the infirmary. For the first two months, all he did was slumber. The medical specialty they were giving him doing him really sleepy. When he was awake, he would travel his manus a small. The little motion of his custodies made the physicians highly happy. They now were certain that he wasn t paralyzed. It took him another 4s months before he could travel his arm absolutely. With the assurance he had gained, he tried to walk out of bed. Equally shortly as he was off the bed, he feel level on his face. Biting was shortly transferred to the San Diego Rehabilitation Center. For the first few months, he would merely sit in bed thought of ways to acquire back HHH. One Sunday, he happened to watch church on t.v. He saw a adult male who claimed that God cured him of palsy. Biting started to pray instantly. # 8220 ; Dear Lord, It s me Sting. I know you are truly busy and all but if you could, I would truly wish to wrestle once more. Amen. # 8221 ; Biting recited this supplication for the following two hebdomads. On the 15th twenty-four hours, he tried to travel his pess

Issues in Global Political Economy Research Paper

Issues in Global Political Economy - Research Paper Example As the research stresses natural resource abundance hinders economic growth. Many countries in African have plenty of natural resources such as gold, oil, and copper among many others. More than two-thirds of their products moving outside the country are natural resources, and yet these nations are poor and politically unstable. The countries depend on foreign investors for their economic feasibility. As the paper discusses some countries rich in oil minerals such as Iran, Kuwait, and Libya experienced slow growth in the last several decades. Moreover, members of the OPEC, in general, experience a fall in the GNP per capita whereas states not rich in minerals enjoyed a growth in their GNP per capita. South Africa went through a period of de-industrialization and a disappointing economic growth in the 1970's during the boom in gold prices. Several factors led the effects key of them being that the real exchange rate appreciated, and depreciation followed after that. The world saw a shift in making of cocoa paste from countries such as Peru and Venezuela to Colombia after the disruption of the air bridge. Consequently, a booming demand for Colombian coca was experienced, and many people in Columbia became self-employed, and teenagers in the rural areas got work to do. Although, the boom had economic spillover effects as well as financial opportunities it marked the beginning of viol ence and conflicts in major cities.

Income Inequalities in the United States Research Paper

Income Inequalities in the United States - Research Paper Example Economists posit that if the wealth from the middle class is transferred consistently to corporate elites, the concentration of wealth, as a consequence, will be solely enjoyed by the 1% households of the bourgeoisie (Allen, 2012). Nowadays, income inequality inexperienced by gender, race, outsourcing industry, disruption of income, by core competencies, and these issues can be holistically understood using the tool of value chain analysis. On gender-based income disparity, Kirk (2012) barred that American just earn a fraction of men in every state. The worst income inequality is in Utah where a working woman earns 55 cents for every dollar earned by a man. This is succeeded closely by Wyoming where women earn 56 cents, Louisiana at 59 cents, North Dakota at 62 cents and in Michigan at 62 cents (Kirk, 2012). There is relative gender-based income equality in the state of Hawaii, Florida, Nevada, Maryland, and North Carolina where women earn about three-fourths of what men received as salary (Kirk, 2012). This somewhat disparages the supposed economic empowerment of women to discrimination and contributed to the income disparity in the country although some thought that there are efforts made to curb this gap in wages (Fairchild, 2012). Experts, however, opined that wages should also be looked at the workers level of education, the time devoted to labor, the experiences they earned that made up their expertise, and the na ture of jobs taken. That gap is still felt among highly educated workforces.... It bar discrimination at work and promote equality in workplaces but advocates argued the need to pass more legislations ensure effective enforcement of these policies. However, Weller and Ajinky (2012) however still pointed that the blacks are still paid less than white and that economic insecurity is more felt by Afro-American, the race who rose up historically from slavery. Weller and Ajinky (2012) reported that as of the last quarter of 2011, median weekly earnings for African Americans were $617 while Latinos earned $549 in comparison to whites that earned $774. They also noted the rapid increase African workers with salaries below the average rate. A good statistics of population depicted high figures of blacks that are unemployed. There were about 88.9 % unemployed Afro-Americans and using the inflation-adjusted median income, they dropped their income by 7.1% from 2007-2009 (Weller, Ajinkya, & Farrel, 2012). This correlates to their rate of poverty at 24.2 % higher than Asian immigrants, Latinos and of whites (Weller, Ajinkya, & Farrel, 2012). But all these are contextualized within the development of a complex liberalized economy where the outsourced industry thrived well. The advancement of communication technology also permeated corporations to opt for skilled human resources that could work on domestic needs via online tools. The latter has been put to question because the employment opportunity is being offered externally to emerging nations and therefore, sort of cracked to the domestic populace without work. But the outsourcing industry is significantly in context to business strategies that aimed at a globalized operation

Chemical equations, enthalpy changes and chemical equilibrium, acid, Assignment

Chemical equations, enthalpy changes and chemical equilibrium, acid, base and pH, and chemical reactions, chirality, simple organic functional groups and their reactions - Assignment Example State which functional group(s) on Compound  B  could exhibit each of these interactions and describe the properties of each interaction. In your answer make it clear which complementary functional group would need to be present in the receptor for the interaction to occur. From the description and given function of Compound A., it is easy to tell which compound it is since only amino acids and sugars are natural chiral molecules produced in both animals and plants and beyond that, we can tell that the compound is indeed Amino acid since amino acids not sugars are used to treat Parkinson’s Disease. Ligand binding will mostly be either ionic or hydrogen bonds. However, at times, the intermolecular forces of the van der waals will be used to bind the copound to the target receptor. The carboxylic group will exhibit the hydrogen intermolecular bonds due to presence of the hydrogen molecule while the amino group will exhibit the ionic intermolecular bonds since they form the ions and could also use the van der waals at times. Draw the product of this reaction, name the new functional group produced, state the type of reaction that has occurred, name any other products of the reaction and briefly explain how you arrived at your answer. The presence of the double bond (C=C) in Compound  C  means that the molecule can exist in two different forms, identified by the prefix  cis  or  trans, depending upon the arrangement of the functional groups and hydrogen atoms around the double bond. Draw the two possible forms of Compound  C  showing the positions of the functional group and hydrogen atoms. Assign each the appropriate prefix that would distinguish one from the other and briefly explain what these prefixes indicate. Equal moles of nitric acid (HNO3) and formic acid (HCOOH) were each dissolved in equal volumes of water. State and explain which of the resulting solutions would have the higher pH.

Westboro Baptist Church or Current Controversial Topic Essay

Westboro Baptist Church or Current Controversial Topic - Essay Example Later, in his testimony during the court case about the WBC’s deplorable actions—actions that should be stopped by community action and by legislation—Snyder stated, â€Å""They turned this funeral into a media circus and they wanted to hurt my family. They wanted their message heard and they didn't care who they stepped over. My son should have been buried with dignity, not with a bunch of clowns outside† (â€Å"Father† n.p.). The Westboro Baptist Church, located in Topeka, Kansas, has been protesting at funerals since 1991. As of 2009, they claim to have participated in over 41,000 protests in over 650 cities, and spend an average of $250,000 a year on picketing. They travel all over the U.S. to picket the funerals of anyone associated with gay people. For example, they picketed at the 1998 funeral of murder victim Matthew Shepherd and the 2010 funeral of Elizabeth Edwards because she supported gay people (Borger n.p.). The WBC also protests at funerals of slain military personnel like Snyder’s.Why would the WBC participate in such activities—activities that even Fox News commentator Bill O’Reilly calls â€Å"evil and despicable† (Cohen n.p.)? ... They picket at funerals to express their views, and to get the word out about their opposition to gay rights, the Catholic Church, Jews, and other topics. They believe that anyone who is opposed to their way of seeing things is going to hell, and they feel compelled to make sure that people know this. Several weeks after Matthew Snyder’s funeral, for example, the WBC denounced Snyder’s family for raising their son Catholic. There have been many responses to their actions. One of these is through the courts, which is what the Snyder family did. Later in 2007, they sued Fred Phelps, the Westboro Baptist Church, and two of Phelps’ daughters on several legal grounds, including defamation and invasion of privacy. The suit claimed that Phelps’ religious views did not expose the Snyders to public hatred or scorn. The WBC’s main defense, in addition to exercising their constitutional right to free speech and free assembly, was that they had complied with al l local ordinances regarding picketing and had obeyed all police instructions. The picket occurred 1000 feet from the funeral site, in a location cordoned off by the police, and could neither be seen or heard by the funeral participants. The judge, in his instructions to the jury, said that they needed to decide â€Å"whether the defendant's actions would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, whether they were extreme and outrageous and whether these actions were so offensive and shocking as to not be entitled to First Amendment protection† (Donaldson-Evans n.p.). This is the crux of the argument against the WBC, and perhaps explains the outcome of the case: the jury awarded Albert Snyder almost $3 million in punitive damages for invasion

Preschool Literature Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Preschool Literature Program - Research Paper Example My effort in this regard would be to introduce literature-based instructional program to promote a combination of learning techniques including behavioural, cognitive and constructivist approaches. Selecting literature titles Developing literature-based instruction primarily involves selecting age appropriate literature material for children (Assessing Children’s Literature, 2003). When selecting a title it is important to consider how far children of that particular age group could connect to it. The title needs to make sense to them so that they can understand its meaning. It has to be kept short and simple and tell about the main subject of the story. As children of this age are not aware of abstract concepts, it is wise to have titles that describe concrete objects that children see around them, love to have and that would appeal to their imagination. A teacher could select a title depending on what she/he wants to teach them. So that children start learning values of life through literature and start associating with them from an early age. In this respect it has to be seen that the titles do not harp at any stereotypical ideas, prejudices and biases (Assessing Children’s Literature, 2003) as the main purpose of having literature-based learning is to inculcate liberal values in children. Selection of media When it comes to literature-based instruction for preschool children it is best to opt for an interactive media. Interactive media in this case would mean instructor-led teaching mode. For so small children the teacher would be the best medium for facilitating learning. The teacher or the instructor plays the pivotal role in building up an interactive learning environment either through reading storybooks or providing with audio-visual treat of a story. So whatever media she/he chooses, it is her/his interpretation of the text that the children will eventually pick up. Vygotsky (1985) claims that reading aloud makes way for an interactive p rocess between the adult and the child that helps the child comprehend the meaning of the text. Therefore the teacher has to ensure proper interaction in the class whether it is reading storybooks or audio-visual story-telling. Developmental goals in introducing literature based instruction Language development For preschool children the first step of learning is language learning. Language is best learnt in a given context. Literature provides the context for learning language. When the teacher reads out a story in a class and enacts it too where necessary, the children are introduced to a sea of new words used in a particular context. They not only learn a new word but its specific usage too. Had the word been taught independently, its significance would have been lost on the child. In this way the child’s vocabulary increases and also his ability to comprehend meaning in a given situation (Clay, 1976). Intellectual development Literature helps in developing critical thinki ng and heuristic skill. After reading out a poem or a story, or showing them a visual representation, the teacher should ask open questions about what the children saw or heard and through probing questions encourages the child to think about other alternatives. The teacher’s focus is to develop the child’s intellectual capacity. Personality development The process of interaction involves in forming and

Gazprom One of the Largest Gas Producing Companies of Russia Essay

Gazprom - One of the Largest Gas Producing Companies of Russia - Essay Example UGSS assures steady gas supply from the wellhead to the end user. (Gazprom.com, 2008c) d. Processing: Gazprom Group’s processing segment is made up of gas and gas condensate processing plants (GPP), the enterprises of Sibur Holding, and the oil-refining capacities of Gazprom Oil (Sibneft). (Gazprom.com, 2008d) e. Power industry: Its strategic task is to become a world scale energy production company with one whole chain – from production to sales – not only gas but also liquid hydrocarbons as well as producing a wide range of end products, electrical power being just one of such. (Gazprom.com, 2008e) The global strategy of Gazprom is to become the largest in the world for producing and distributing gas to the entire world so that appropriate amount of utilization of the natural resources can be done. Datamonitor (2007) states that 2006 was the first year after Gazprom’s share market liberalization. During this period, OAO "Gazprom" capitalization increased by over 70 % and amounted to $270 billion at the end of the year. Gazprom has been developing a unique resource base, production capacities and pipeline system. This effort take taken the company as the world’s most reliable energy resource suppliers to enterprises, organizations, and individuals. They are devoted to a specialized and accountable advance towards the development of these resources and the supply of the markets both in Russia and globally. Gazprom is engaged in research and development activities to strategize important energy resources in cooperation with the most successful and responsible international energy companies. This makes them quite strong in their operations base and marks the strength of their strategy for further growth. Gazprom is constantly pursuing its business globalization strategy, and actively increasing the supply to the entire globe for its gas production.  In 2006, the company supplied liquefied natural gas to the UK, Japan and Korea for the first time.  

Types of job interviews Essay Example for Free

Types of job interviews Essay 1. Traditional one on one job interview This is the traditional one on one interview is where you’re interviewed by a company representative, most likely the manager of the position you are applying for. If you get the job you will be working with this person directly. They will want to understand who you are and if your skills match those of the job requirements. You may be asked questions about your resume and your experience, what you can offer the company and what you can bring to the position. The interviewer may ask you questions such as â€Å"Why would you be good for this job?† or â€Å"Tell me about yourself.† The one on one interview is by far, one of the most common types of job interviews. 2. Group Job Interview Many times companies will conduct a group interview to quickly pre-screen candidates for the job opening as well as give the candidates the chance to quickly learn about the company to see if they want to work there. Many times, a group interview will begin with a short presentation about the company. After that, they may speak to each candidate individually and ask them a few questions. One of the most important things the employer is observing during a group interview, is how you interact with the other candidates. Are you emerging as a leader or are you more likely to complete tasks that are asked of you? Neither is necessarily better than the other, it just depends on what type of personality works best for the position that needs to be filled. 3. Panel Job Interview These can be difficult. In a panel interview, you will be interviewed by three to four interviewers. The panel may consist of different representatives of the company such as human resources, management, and employees. The reason why some companies conduct panel interviews is to save time or to get the collective opinion of panel regarding the candidate. Each member of the panel may be responsible for asking you questions that represent relevancy from their position. Government agencies typically conduct panel interviews and they are very strict on protocol. 4. Behavioural Job Interview In a behavioral interview, the interviewer will ask you questions based on common situations of the job you are applying for. The logic behind the behavioural interview is that your future performance will be based on a past performance of a similar situation. You should expect questions that inquire about what you did when you were in XXX situation and how did you dealt with it. In a behavioural interview, the interviewer wants to see how you deal with certain problems and what you do to solve them. 5. Phone Job Interview A phone interview may be for a position where the candidate is not local or for an initial pre-screening call to see if they want to invite you in for an in-person interview. You may be asked typical questions or behavioral questions. Most of the time you will schedule an appointment for a phone interview. If the interviewer calls unexpectedly, it’s ok to ask them politely to schedule an appointment. On a phone interview, make sure your call waiting is turned off, you are in a quiet room, and you are not eating, drinking or chewing gum. 6. Lunch Job Interview Many times lunch interviews are conducted as a second interview. The company will invite you to lunch with additional members of the team to further get to know you and see how you fit in. This is a great time to ask any questions you may have about the company or position as well, so make sure you prepare your questions in advance.

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether Xin Wang Title To measure the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of diethyl ether by cooling the ether down and continuously recording a series of different temperature readings and their corresponding vapour pressure values. Abstract Vapour pressure p of ether under a series of different temperatures T were measured and three repeats were done. The three graphs of ln(p) against 1/T were plotted, all of them showed a nice linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T . Then the gradient which was equal to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/R was used, and hence the average value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap of three repeats was decided as the final result . The boiling point was calculated by using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap and the final value used of constant C was also the mean of three repeats’ constants obtained. Error analysis and improvements both focused on the leaking of apparatus and the validities of measurements obtained. Introduction Thermodynamics is a very important part of chemistry and chemical studies. It involves many studies about energy such as the transfer of energy and the conservation of energy. For this experiment which is to study the vapor pressure as a function of temperature, the thermodynamic part which should be focused on is that a system would tends to make its Gibbs Free Energy which is the energy free to do work minimum at a constant temperature and pressure. In this experiment, a single and pure compound is used and the study is about the equilibrium between its liquid phase and its gaseous phase at a constant pressure and temperature. If the pure compound liquid is placed inside a closed container, under different temperature and different pressure, there will always be a equilibrium between the liquid phase and gaseous phase. This thermodynamic equilibrium will be at different position due to the temperature and pressure Therefore, the region of the temperature and pressure where the compound changes from liquid to gases or reversibly has been defined as phase boundaries, which can be found in a graph of pressure against temperature. To be more specific, the temperature is the temperature of the system, but the pressure mentioned is the vapour pressure. The vapour pressure is defined as the pressure of the vapour which is in equilibrium with its liquid in the closed container, and it does vary with the temperature. According to the second law of thermodynamics which indicates â€Å"At equilibrium, the chemical potential of a substance is the same throughout a sample, regardless of how many phases are present.† [1] , a equation for the two chemical potentials of two phases can be obtained, which shows the chemical potential of the liquid is equal to the chemical potential of the gases in equilibrium in the closed container. To make this simpler, the chemical potential â€Å" µÃ¢â‚¬  which is the molar Gibbs free energy [1] is introduced. Therefore, at a constant pressure and temperature,  µ is equal to the first derivative of G with respect to n, where G is the Gibbs free energy and n is the number of moles. As phase boundary is represented by the line which separates the liquid phase region and gaseous phase region in a graph of vapour pressure against temperature, therefore the gradient of the phase boundary which is written as dp/dT can be considered. In the closed container, the overall chemical potential of the system is always constant by considering conservation of energy. Therefore, the change in  µ of liquid phase should always be equal to the change in  µ of gaseous phase when temperature and pressure change, which can be expressed as d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases)[1]. The fundamental equation â€Å"dU = TdS PdV† [2] can be used to derive another equation of d µ. Because of H = U + pV [3], therefore dH = dU + d(pV) = dU + pdV + Vdp is derived. As known, G = H -TS and then dG = dH d(TS) = dH TdS SdT is obtained. By combining the two derived equations and the fundamental equation mentioned above, dG = -SdT + Vdp can then be obtained finally. Due to the definition of  µ, equation d µ = -SdT + Vdp can be derived. If d µ = -SdT + Vdp is substituted into d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases), [V(gases) V(liquid)]dp = [S(gases) S(liquid)]dT can be derived. Therefore, dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T where à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S is defined as the the entropy of phase transition which can be equal to S(gases) S(liquid) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T is defined as the volumes of phase transition which can be equal to V(gases) V(liquid). Due to the perfect gas law which is pV = nTR, where R is the gas constant which is equal to 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 and T is the temperature in kelvins. For  µ which is molar, therefore n = 1 and then pV = RT, so V = RT/p is obtained for gases. The assumption that à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = V(gases) V(liquid) ≈ V(gases) [2] can be made as the volume of liquid in the closed system is much smaller than the volume of gases, and hence à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = RT/p can be derived. For à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S, as à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = Tà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S can be derived due to the equilibrium, so à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /T is then derived. By substituting the two new equations for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T into dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T, dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 can be obtained. Then do the integration for the equation dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 , ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be derived, where C is a constant. For the equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C, a graph of ln(p) against 1/T can be plotted to find à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap which is the enthalpy of vaporization can obtained from the gradient of the graph due to the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T. Therefore, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R To use the equation to find the boiling point of the compound used, due to the definition of boiling point, just substitute pressure = 1 atmosphere ≈ 1 bar into the equation to find the corresponding T which is therefore the boiling point. Therefore, ln(1) = 0 = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RTboil + C, and hence Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC can be used for calculation. Equipment Methylated spirits, cardice, ether(diethyl ether), tweezers, a large dewar flask, a smaller dewar flask, wasted dewar flasks, clamps, experimental vacuum set-up with air pump connected, stopwatch, electrical mixer, thermometers, funnels, beakers Experiment Turned on the digital vacuum gauge and then took down the bulb A from the apparatus set, some ether was added into the bulb and then the bulb was reconnected to the apparatus. Next, prepared methylated spirits was added to a large dewar, then enough cardice was transferred from the the main container into a small container and added to the dewar with methylated spirits by using a tweezer. Enough cardice was added to make the methylated spirits reach a very low temperature which was about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. After the temperature of the methylated spirits was low enough, some of the mixture was poured into a smaller dewar and then the cold trap was submerged by the mixture in the smaller dewar which was clamped and therefore fixed to continuously cold the cold trap. Then the air pump was turned on, the Tap 1 which was vacuum to Ether in the bulb A and the Tap 3 which was vacuum to Atmosphere were both closed while the Tap 2 which was vacuum to Transducer was open. After the cold trap was cold enough, open Tap 1 to boil the ether for seconds to make sure all the air inside those tubes were pumped out, and then closed Tap 1 and measure the rate of leaking by closing Tap 2 as well and then measuring the amount of pressure increased by looking at the digital vacuum gauge in one minute by using a stopwatch. The thermometer and the electrical mixer were well setted up around the bulb A as a thermostat bath, then submerged the bulb A with ether inside into the remaining mixture in the large dewar and clamped the large dewar to make it fixed. Then continuously add cardice into the large dewar and the smaller dewar to cool down the ether and keep the cold trap still cold. When the temperature of the mixture in the large dewar reached about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the large dewar was removed and Tap 2 was closed with Tap 1 open. The mixture in the large dewar was the pored into a wasted dewar and then the dewar was allowed to warm up. Then the ether in the bulb A was allowe d to warm up to room temperature and cold tap water in a beaker was used to submerge the bulb A to help warm up. After a enough long time was used for warming up, the thermometer was touched to the bulb A to measure the temperature of the ether at room temperature and this temperature reading and the corresponding pressure reading were both recorded as the first pair of data. The empty large dewar had also been warmed up already, fresh methylated spirits was then added to the dewar and the bulb A was submerged into the fresh mixture with the thermostat bath set also submerged in the mixture. The thermostat bath was started by turning on the electrical mixer, at the same time, Tap 3 and Tap 2 were still closed while Tap 1 was open. For obtaining data sets, a small amount of cardice was added each time to make sure the temperature only went down by 2 to 3 degrees or kelvins. The temperature reading and its corresponding pressure reading were both recorded after adding the cardice and waiting for both reading to be steady. The experiment was finished until the temperature had reached about -55 degrees . After finishing the experiment, the electrical mixer was then turned off and the Tap 1 and the Tap 2 were closed but the Tap 3 was then opened. The air pump was switched off after that. Next, both the large dewar and the smaller dewar were removed, and the methylated mixture in both dewars were poured back into the the container of methylated spirits using a funnel. The experiment had been repeated for three times and therefore three data sets were obtained. And all the repeats were done by using the same apparatus under the same condition. Results During the experiments, the raw data recorded for temperature was in degree and pressure was in mbar. See Table 1. For 1/T, Temperature was changed into the unit of kelvin. For ln(p), pressure was changed into the unit of bar. See Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar 15 661 8 511 14 582 9 547 5 448 4 432 7 476 3 393 1 385 4 424 -1 342 -2 316 2 378 -4 296 -6 268 -2 330 -7 253 -10 216 -4 291 -12 205 -14 182 -7 250 -15 174 -18 150 -10 220 -18 150 -21 126 -12 193 -21 132 -25 102 -14 175 -25 105 -27 91 -17 155 -31 80 -31 73 -20 132 -34 66 -35 59 -22 116 -37 53 -38 46 -26 95 -41 43 -42 37 -29 80 -44 38 -45 30 -33 65 -47 32 -48 26 -36 53 -51 26 -50 22 -40 41 -55 23 -52 20 -42 35 -60 18 -57 15 -44 32 -59 13 -48 25 -62 11 -52 20 -54 17 -56 14 -59 12 Table 1. Raw data from the experiments Figure 1. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 1 Figure 2. ln(p) against 1/T fro Run 2 Figure 3. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 3 Rate of leaking of pressure of the apparatus = 2 mbar/min To obtain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, the average value of gradients of three repeats which were obtained from Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 was used to calculate the final result à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap. This was the same for the constant C, therefore the mean value of constants C of three repeats was used as the final result of C. The average gradient value = [(-3381.1) + (-3048.6) + (-3287.6)] à · 3 = -3239.1 K à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R = -3239.1 Ãâ€" 8.314 = 26929.8774 J mol-1 Constant C = (11.329 + 10.087 + 10.969) à · 3 = 10.795 Boiling point = Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC = 26929.8774/(8.314 Ãâ€" 10.795) = 300.0555813 K ≈ 26.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ (to 3 s.f.) Data Analysis The theoretical value of the enthalpy of vaporization of diethyl ether is 27140 J mol-1 at 25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [4] , therefore, percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = [(27140 26929.8774) à · 27140] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 0.774% (to 3 s.f.) The theoretical value of the boiling point of diethyl ether is 34à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [5], therefore, the percentage of error of boiling point = [(34 26.9) à · 34] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 20.9% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in T = (0.25 à · 1) Ãâ€" 100% = 25% Uncertainty in 1/T = (0.25 à · 12) Ãâ€"100% = 25% Uncertainty in p = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in ln(p) = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = uncertainty in gradient = 25% + 4.55% = 29.55% Uncertainty in constant C = 29.55% Uncertainty in boiling point Tboil = 29.55% + 29.55% = 59.1% The values of R2 which are coefficients of determination were all shown to be fairly close to 1, therefore, the linear correlation between ln(p) and T was shown to be very nice. The percentage of error of boiling point is much larger than the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, and the uncertainty of boiling point is even larger due to the uncertainties of 1/T and ln(p). This might come from two main sources of errors. One is the leaking of the experimental apparatus and the other is not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained due to other errors like human errors. For the leaking of the apparatus, the rate of leaking was measured as 2 mbar/min. To be more specif, the leaking was caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tubes. The time from starting to take down measurements to finishing the experiment was about half an hour, this has led to a large uncertainty in the pressure measurements. Therefore, the readings of pressure at the lower temperature are much less accurate and smaller than the actual value that they should be, this shifted the gradient to a higher value, but the more serious effect was on the constant C which is the intercept with the axis of ln(p). As pressure was first recorded in mbar, when changing it into the unit of bar, the value was less than 1, therefore ln(p) is less than zero, a decrease in the pressure value can lead to a large change in the value of ln(p). So the constant C is much higher than the actual value. Although the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap is small, but this does not mean the experiment was very accurate because its uncertainty is quite large, and this low percentage error might due to the combination of different errors. For not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained. The human error of recording temperature has the largest effect, and it has been indicated by the uncertainty of temperature reading which is 25%, this uncertainty is quite large enough to lead to inaccurate temperature readings and therefore the large uncertainties of the enthalpy of vaporization and boiling point. Another error causing low validities is the time used to wait until the temperature and pressure readings to be steady, which can definitely lead to more leaking of pressure. Although the experiment was about 30-minute long, but some readings were recorded before they became steady, and this would make he readings recorded higher than the actual ones. Improvements To reduce the error caused by the leaking of the apparatus, more advanced apparatus much be used. The leaking in these experiments was mostly caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tube. Therefore, a set-up which has all glass tubes well connected without any crevice would be an ideal choice, this kind of set-up should be an entirety and can effectively avoid leaking. If the problem of leaking is solved, the time for waiting until the readings to become steady each time can be as long as possible to make sure the measurements are as accurate as they can. To reduce the human error on taking down the readings of temperature and pressure, computers and sensors are suggested. For example, thermocouples [6] which are common temperature sensors used in industry, this type of temperature sensors can directly provide the electrical readings of temperature on the screen of the equipment and the size is fairly nice for using in laboratories. Computers can be used to take down the reading on those electrical equipment such as temperature sensors and the digital vacuum gauge by using the softwares or internal programs. More precautions must be payed attention. Therefore, make sure the ether used is pure enough and the experimental apparatus especially the bulb is clean to prevent from impurities, and during the step of boiling the ether by vacuuming the bulb, take a longer time to boil the ether to make sure that all the air in the tubes can be swept out. Conclusion In conclusion, the graphs have proved that the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T was reliable. Therefore, the main equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be used to find the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of ether and the assumption which has been made about the volumes is reliable in this case. However, the apparatus and some technics much be improved to reduce errors and then obtain accurate results. References [1] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 2 [2] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 3 [3] Enthalpy. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy [Accessed 26th March 2014] [4] Majer, V.; Wagner, Z.; Svoboda, V.; Cadek, V., Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1980 , vol. 12, # 4 p. 387 392 [5] Gomberg, M., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1923 , vol. 45, p. 398 398 [6] TemperatureSensors. Available from: https://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/TemperatureSensors [Accessed 26th March 2014] Appendix A Run 1 Temperature/degrees Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 15 661 0.003470415 -0.414001439 9 547 0.003544214 -0.603306477 7 476 0.003569516 -0.742337425 4 424 0.003608154 -0.858021824 2 378 0.003634381 -0.972861083 -2 330 0.003687996 -1.108662625 -4 291 0.0037154 -1.234432012 -7 250 0.00375728 -1.386294361 -10 220 0.003800114 -1.514127733 -12 193 0.003829217 -1.64506509 -14 175 0.003858769 -1.742969305 -17 155 0.003903963 -1.864330162 -20 132 0.003950227 -2.024953356 -22 116 0.003981684 -2.154165088 -26 95 0.004046126 -2.353878387 -29 80 0.004095843 -2.525728644 -33 65 0.004164064 -2.733368009 -36 53 0.00421674 -2.937463365 -40 41 0.004289084 -3.194183212 -42 35 0.004326195 -3.352407217 -44 32 0.004363954 -3.442019376 -48 25 0.004441483 -3.688879454 -52 20 0.004521818 -3.912023005 -54 17 0.004563085 -4.074541935 -56 14 0.004605112 -4.268697949 -59 12 0.004669624 -4.422848629 Appendix B Run 2 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 8 511 0.00355682 -0.671385689 5 448 0.003595182 -0.802962047 3 393 0.00362122 -0.933945667 -1 342 0.003674444 -1.072944542 -4 296 0.0037154 -1.217395825 -7 253 0.00375728 -1.37436579 -12 205 0.003829217 -1.5847453 -15 174 0.003873717 -1.74869998 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 132 0.003965893 -2.024953356 -25 105 0.004029821 -2.253794929 -31 80 0.004129672 -2.525728644 -34 66 0.004181476 -2.718100537 -37 53 0.004234597 -2.937463365 -41 43 0.00430756 -3.146555163 -44 38 0.004363954 -3.270169119 -47 32 0.004421844 -3.442019376 -51 26 0.004501463 -3.649658741 -55 23 0.004584002 -3.772261063 -60 18 0.004691532 -4.017383521 Appendix C Run 3 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 14 582 0.0034825 -0.541284831 4 432 0.003608154 -0.839329691 1 385 0.003647638 -0.954511945 -2 316 0.003687996 -1.152013065 -6 268 0.003743215 -1.316768298 -10 216 0.003800114 -1.532476871 -14 182 0.003858769 -1.703748592 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 126 0.003965893 -2.071473372 -25 102 0.

Shakespeares Macbeth - Downfall Due to Ambition and Human Weakness :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth: Downfall Due to Ambition and Human Weakness William Shakespeare through one of his most well known plays portrays a tragic downfall of a king through his ambition and human weakness. Shakespeare develops the play Macbeth by showing the changes in the protagonist and the effects others have on him. Shakspeare's use of detail helps to show the changes in Macbeth through a gradual process. Before actually completing his horrendous act of killing the much loved King Duncan, Macbeth suffers mental conflict "having no spurs to prick the side of my intent" between the "vaulting ambition which leaps over itself and falls on the other" and the "deep damnation of his (Duncan's) taking off." At this point in time, scene 7 of the first act, Macbeth exposes sensitivity and knowledge of what he may do is wrong. Possibly the one time when the reader can relate to Macbeth the best, it is seen that he is very hesitant of his action, but what over takes him is the human flaw of ambition. As time progresses and Shakespeare shows Macbeth's initial "fear" of Banquo; but as his mind becomes engulfed in the his best friends murder he label's him as "your enemy" and making sure that he is left "no rubs nor botches in the work" Macbeth is obviously afraid of experiencing the same emotional trauma of his first murder. Although he think he is solving his problems, his damnation is ever progressing by making being indirectly involved in the murder of his one time best friend and father of a line of kings. The reader sees how ones desire for self - power can destroy himself completely. Shakespeare's diction through other characters in the play also help to portray Macbeth's break down. In the beginning, when Macbeth still depicts his sensitivity and morality, Lady's Macbeth almost forces Macbeth to do the deed calling him a "coward in thine own esteem", mocking him saying, "you durst do it then you were a man," and comparing him to "a baby that milks me." Lady Macbeth serves as on of Macbeth's contrasting characters. It is with her biting tougne that Macbeth is inspired to achieve his ambition in becoming king. In the beginning of the play with the three weird sisters the first idea introduced is their meeting with Macbeth "when the battles lost and won."; upon this meeting, macbeth pleads, "tell me more you imperfect sisters;" later on one of the witches chimes, "by the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes." Through the witches' characters, the peculiar chants, the reader knows the power

Photoreceptor Damage: Causes and Possibilities :: Medical Medicine Papers

Photoreceptor Damage: Causes and Possibilities Over 10,000,000 people around the world suffer from some sort of blindness or handicap due to photoreceptor damage. These effects can be caused by a number of afflictions, including retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and tumors. These illnesses vary in severity from being a mere hindrance to completely blinding the individual. Until recently, those affected were left without hope of a cure or even a treatment that would somewhat improve their vision. But over the last few years, several groups of scientists have been working on a partial cure in the form of neuroprostheses, artificial devices which are inserted in the eye behind or on top of the damaged retinal area. These photoreceptive chips, in theory, should provide information too the healthy neurons residing in the retina, substituting for the damaged photoreceptors. When we open our eyes, millions of tiny events occur that allow us to see. Our pupils automatically constrict in accordance to the light level, the variable lens bends and adjusts to fit the distance of what we are looking, and our photoreceptors receive information in accordance to the previous factors. (This is extremely simplified, but it will suffice for now.) Photoreceptors are tiny, specialized neurons located in the retina at the back of the eye. There are two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. Each follow the same principles: when light hits them they respond with a chemical reaction using a substance known as rhodopsin. Once this reaction occurs a chain of events sends this message down a number of sophisticated and specialized neurons, eventually reaching the brain and resulting in what we call sight. Rods (numbering one hundred million or so in each eye) are primarily in the periphery of our visual field. They are extremely sensitive to light and are often ÒtiedÓ together on a lower level to allow for greater sensitivity. Rods do not see in with good resolution and cannot differentiate colors. Cones (only five million or so exist) are mostly found on the center of the visual field, a place called the fovea. The words you are reading now are being processed by cones in the fovea. They operate in brighter light than rods and detect color (there are three types, each responding to a particular range of wavelengths). Cones do not pool their output and exist for resolution, not mere detection. The only drawback with the cone system is the amount of light saturation necessary to stimulate them and send their signal to the brain.

Nuclear Energy - Clean, Environmentally Friendly Energy Essay example -

Nuclear Energy - Clean, Environmentally Friendly Energy Nuclear energy is the world's largest source of emission-free energy. Nuclear power plants produce no controlled air pollutants, such as sulfur and particulates, or greenhouse gases. "Renewables" like solar, wind and biomass can help. But only nuclear power offers clean, environmentally friendly energy on a massive scale. The use of nuclear energy in place of other energy sources helps to keep the air clean, preserve the Earth's climate, avoid ground-level ozone formation and prevent acid rain. â€Å"Currently, there are 103 commercial nuclear power plants producing electricity in the United States, located at 64 sites in 31 states. They are, on average, 24 years old, and are licensed to operate for 40 years with an option to renew for an additional 20.† (http://www.nei.org). Therefore I see no problem with utilizing nuclear energy as our main energy source. It can be used all the time because it is renewable, it doesn’t harm the environment, with the new de vices made, nuclear power engineers provide some safety for humans and animals. Problem with utilizing nuclear energy in full is the risks taken. In human cases, nuclear energy has radioactive particles that are harmful if exposed to them such as: gamma rays, beta rays, and alpha rays. Such types of harmful exposures increase vital injuries. For example: risks of cancer, lung limbs and bra...

American experience

The ancient Greeks were the first to introduce philosophical thought to mankind. When one thinks of Greek philosophy, three individuals come into mind – Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in this order. Plato was Socrates’ protege and Aristotle that of Plato. These men not only enlightened men with their brilliance but also helped provide moral guidance to society for this was the role of philosophers whose wisdom was valued and sought for from the lowliest citizen to that of kings. This was all but forgotten during the time of the Romans and the Middle Ages.The Renaissance saw the return of classical Greco-Roman culture in most respects but it fell short when it came to philosophical thought especially in the purview of politics. It was here that a new political thought emerged courtesy of Niccolo Machiavelli. Through his work, The Prince, Machiavelli did not only provide a theoretical framework for his patron, but would also be employed by future leaders who found his idea s not only practical, but very useful in helping them achieve their goals. The Renaissance period was the result of the Humanist movement that emerged during the waning years of the Middle Ages.Prior to this, secular political philosophy was already existing during the Holy Roman Empire but the extent of its influence was rather limited because the academic field was wholly influenced by Christian scholasticism. The Humanist movement picked up momentum as it brought back classical ideas to supplant scholasticism. Those who held on to Christian values saw the Renaissance as the â€Å"return to paganism† which was not only evident in the art but in philosophy as well and Machiavelli was the one who stood out during this period with virtually no peer.Machiavelli was born in a tumultuous era of the Renaissance. This was the time the Popes, heads of the Catholic Church were influential enough to raise their own armies and waged war; wealthy Italian city-states, though enjoying rel ative autonomy from the prosperity they enjoyed were susceptible to attack and conquest by foreign powers such as Spain, France and even the Holy Roman Empire and this was further made complicated and to an extent convoluted with series of political-military alliances which continually changed as erstwhile allies and confederates changed sides on a whim and at any given time.Moving forward beyond Machiavelli’s lifetime, this was also a similar occurrence in later centuries, thereby validating Machiavelli’s observations and ideas. This period was also characterized by political instability and volatility as governments rise and fall even though it had barely been around after its installation. This was the world of Machiavelli. Ironically, he himself was its victim when he was part of the republican faction that saw the expulsion of the Medici family from power and was banished into exile by the same family when it was restored to power.It was during this time of exile that he wrote The Prince which he dedicated (ironically) to the Medicis, the very same people who banished him, as a way of currying their favor in ending his exile. The Prince emphasizes how a ruling prince, the title of the rulers of the city-states, can maintain control over all he governs. This is a rather tough balancing act as the prince needs to exercise control over the resources of the state in order to maintain it and at the same time meet the needs of his people.That requires the prince being someone above reproach almost to the point of being infallible, whilst privately acting amorally to meet the goals of the state. Machiavelli based these from his observations as a Florentine diplomat, and his study of ancient history, particularly the history of the Roman Republic. It can be inferred here that by the time Machiavelli wrote The Prince, the ideas embodied here are not exactly new but something he revived based on his studies.In this social and political milieu, Machiav elli observed the way people lived and had in mind a plan to â€Å"educate† or â€Å"enlighten† leaders how they should rule and even define their lifestyles if they wanted to stay in power longer. During his time, he noticed that most people were obliged to live virtuously as according to Aristotelian ethics. However, he dared to challenge this belief, saying that living virtuous lives does not necessarily lead to happiness. Machiavelli, in a sense of irony and apparently going against the norms, viewed misery as something useful which prince should capitalize on if they wish to rule longer.Machiavelli states boldly in The Prince, â€Å"The answer is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved. As long as you serve their interests, they are devoted to you†¦Men are less nervous of offending someone who makes himself loveable, than someone who makes himself frightening†¦A ruler should make himself feared in such a way that if he does not inspire love, at least he does not provoke hatred. For it is perfectly possible to be feared and not hated.† (quoted from Morgan 510) From this statement alone, one might think Machiavelli was trying to corrupt minds and undermine the virtues being practiced during his time by entertaining such a thought. But if one would only take an empathic look, The Prince does not dismiss morality, entirely. It somehow redefines morality in more pragmatic terms which is characterized by what is considered â€Å"acceptable cruel action,† but it must be decisive, swift, effective, and short-lived. It can be further inferred that Machiavelli saw how ironic it is to yield good results by performing â€Å"evil† actions.However, one caveat here is that the â€Å"evil† Machiavelli used is not the same as †evil† in the Judaeo-Christian se nse of the word. For Machiavelli, cruelty should not be taken at face value or in absolute terms as had shown in one observation: â€Å"He (duke) put Mr. Remiro d’Orco, a man both cruel and efficient, in charge, and gave him absolute power. D’Orco in short order established peace and unity, and acquired immense authority. The duke decided such unchecked power was no longer necessary, for he feared the people might come to hate it. So he established a civil court, placing an excellent judge in charge of it.† (quoted in Morgan 493-494) What this means is that â€Å"evil† or in this case, cruelty should not be taken at face value for what it denotes. Rather, cruelty is defined as repressive actions taken by the state, more often than not manifested in the use of force to make things happen. But in so doing, the prince, or any ruler for that matter, is justified in his actions because it accomplishes a goal which in this case it to see to the preservation of the state and society as a whole, thus giving meaning to the Machiavellian adage, â€Å"the ends justify the means.† As a treatise, its primary intellectual contribution to the history of political thought is the realistic approach which sees how political realism clashes with political idealism and based on Machiavelli’s observations, the former prevails as the ideals based on classic Greek ideas of Plato and Aristotle tended to find no place in modern society where they used to emphasize the need for â€Å"enlightened† leadership or rule.Modern-day rulers do not have that luxury of being enlightened and they find Machiavelli’s ideas making more sense. It is only rather ironic and unfortunate that those who subscribed to these ideas are those Machiavelli would not want to – tyrants, despots and dictators. His idea of a leader using â€Å"acceptable cruel action† came from the dictators of the ancient Roman Republic. If there is something th is paper has proven, Machiavelli is not so bad after all.It would appear that most of his ideas were taken out of context and given the impression he encouraged rule by tyrants when he actually was not. It was only a matter of pragmatism and to an extent prudence though not in the same level as Platonic and Aritstotelian thought. Works Cited Morgan, Michael L. Classics of Moral and Political Theory 4th Edition. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1992.

Mobile Phones for University Students Essay

Nowadays modern technology is developing so rapidly that people can hardly catch up with its pace. There is no doubt that mobile phones, as a new industry of modern technology, have got into people’s life. As sensitive reflectors of information and fashion, more and more mobile phone users have appeared in the campus everywhere. While some students are enjoying whatever mobile phones have brought to us, there are others who stand against it. This essay will explain the possible effects of mobile phone use on university students, focusing on the benefits and drawbacks. The main benefits of mobile phones in university are as follows. Firstly, there is no denying the fact that mobile phones have made campus life more convenient. A recent survey found that mobile phones are becoming part of university life and 99. 7% of students use their own mobile phones to communicate with others (Ransford, 2009). As it can be seen, mobile phones provide students with a fast and convenient way of communication, such as getting in touch with schoolmates and hunting for jobs, which was previously unimaginable. Secondly, instead of going to the PC lab and finding computers to look for news on current events, students can use mobile-network to search the Internet. It is by this means that university students can broaden their horizon and enrich their minds. Lastly, with the help of mobile phones, students can do work more efficiently. Many students in university treat mobile phones as electronic dictionary and chart with teachers for academic purpose. They share useful information related to their lessons and solve academic problems sometimes. In this way, mobile phones not only can save our time and energy but also help with our study. However, the negative effects are also obvious. Above all, more and more university students are indulged in Java QQ and online games, which make them weak in study. Moreover, some even use mobile phones to cheat in the examinations. It has been reported that almost 80% university students use Java QQ constantly and more than half of them are in favor of it. Only less than 1/3 of them comment that it is bad to our health and study if students spend too much time on Java QQ and online games. Some students even spend a whole day playing with their mobile phones and send thousands of short messages every day. If they do not use Java QQ a day, they will feel anxious (Yang, 2009). In other words, some university students have regarded playing with mobile phones as a kind of habit and fashion. In the second place, some students often make comparison of others’ mobile phones. They always want to own an attractive and high-grade one. Consequently, it costs them too much money and energy to buy a new style in order to gratify their vanity. Finally, mobile phones in university also bring some health risks, both physical and mental, if not properly used. It has been highlighted the fact that some pornographic video and photos of two U.  S. high school girls was spread so rapidly that even police were hard to stop them. In addition, District Attorney James B. Martin said that at least 40 Parkland High School students believed to have received the pornographic images (Rubinkam, 2008). It is really harmful to university students’ future development, especially those are immature. In conclusion, everything has its advantages and disadvantages, and mobile phone is no exception. On the one hand, using mobile phones in university can help students communicate with each other more convenient, have rich knowledge and study more efficiently. On the other hand, mobile phones can also have bad influence on learning; encourage students’ vanities as well as mental injury. In my point of view, therefore, there are three solutions which can solve this problem. Firstly the university authority should intensify publicity and education. Secondly coercive measures can be put into effect, such as shielding the mobile phones in classrooms and libraries. Lastly university students should promote themselves and fight temptation. A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of mobile phones.

Positivist Theory †Crime Essay

Positivism is a theory of knowledge which states that science is based upon theories that have been derived solely upon empirical evidence. The positivist theory approach to crime consists of three major features which include biological, psychological and social positivism. Biological: The biological component of positivism seeks to examine data from sources such as twin studies, family studies, genetic patterns and biochemical aspects in an attempt to conjure an explanation for a particular behaviour. Biological positivists generally look for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. Psychological: The psychological component of positivism also seeks to observe biological factors but also adds behavioural factors such as child rearing practices and brain abnormalities that cause identifiable behaviour outcomes. Those who are extroverts are easy to condition and easy to de-condition those who are introverts are difficult to condition and also difficult to de-condition. Psychological positivism emphasized counselling and improving the lot of potential criminals. Social: Sociological positivism claims that societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures, or low levels of education can influence people to conduct criminal behaviour. Adolphe Quetelet made use of empirical evidence such as data and statistical analysis to investigate the relationship between crime and sociological factors. It was found that age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors related to crime. This is the theoretical aspect of this unit. Criminal theory is the study of criminal behaviour and is often known as the study of criminality or of law breaking behaviour. Some criminal theories take a psychological approach, some a biological approach other emphasise the sociological aspects of criminality and of course many emphasise all – taking a multi-disciplinary approach an approach that is often clumsily referred to as a psycho/bio/social approach. All of these orientations aim fundamentally to understand criminal behaviour – its nature, its causes, and ways of dealing with it. This will include the incidence of crime, crime in adults, youth and children, gender differences, differences in types of crime e.g. crimes relating to property and violent crime. A relatively new area of study is  referred to as ‘Victimology’ the study of the effect of crime upon those who are the victims or criminal behaviour. In the notes to follow we will discuss a nu mber of criminal theories. Basically we will try to cover the basic approaches and illustrate the differences. This will not be an exhaustive description of all criminal theory and students may wish to study other approaches not covered here. We will look at Classical Criminal Theory and is updated version known as Neoclassical Theory. We will also look at what are referred to as the more scientific approaches known collectively (and probably in the strict meaning of that term erroneously) as Positivism many of which have biological or genetic components. Other approaches have a more sociological character while others examine the phenomenon of rational choice that is a modern offshoot of the classical/neoclassical tradition. Some of the readings will give you some historical introduction to criminal theory – the introductory reading by Henry and Einstadter is useful as is the reading by Beirne. The biological perspectives is overviewed in the reading by Fishbein. Other readings examine mental illness a nd crime and female criminality. Module 2 Penal Theory and Practice This is the practical side of this unit. Here we examine strategies for dealing with criminal behaviour – this covers strategies for punishment, correction, rehabilitation and preventative strategies. All of these are controversial and are the subject of much debate. All relates to issues about what we should do about crime as a society – what to do to those who commit crime, how to prevent it. Historically and amongst different societies there have been different answers. Some form of punishment or retribution is nearly always the case but the form it takes and on what crimes it is visited varies. Punishment may take the form of social and personal deprivation (locked away from the community in an institution (a gaol are correctional institution) the infliction of pain (corporal punishment) or the death sentence (capital punishment). The choice of these options depends on what a society views as the seriousness of the crime, the level of responsibility of the person committing the crime and sometimes the gender and age of the offender – and at times the damage to the community and the victim/s. In the second module we wil also discuss the implications of imprisonment (incarceration) for certain disadvantaged groups. This will  obviously include indigenous groups (now known as Aboriginals and Torres Straight Islanders) who are very much over-represented in the criminal justice system and in jails. The special issues relating to women and children in jails will also be discussed. Also we need to look at issues of those who are incarcerated who have a mental illness, an intellectual disability and those with drug and alcohol overuse problems. The Jail environment is a microcosm of the everyday problems in the community and all the probems we see in the community are there in the jails many times exagerrated . Finally the way a society deals with crime also depends on what it considers to be the nature of the criminal personality or the nature of criminality as such. Criminals are variously seen as mentally ill (mad), evil (bad) or more recently nowadays in the popular media inexplicably intelligent and fundamentally evil (terrorism and serial killing).

Pakistan Tourism Essay

Dented with political crisis and economic instability Pakistan has been unable to promote its tourism industry to the world. This does not mean that Pakistan is not a tourism destination. From scenic landscapes to a diverse culture, Pakistan has tremendous potential in terms of tourism. Before the economic crisis struck the world and when the economic and political climate of the country was stable, Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists. From the ruins of civilizations such as Moenjodaro, Taxila and Harappa to the peaks of the Himalayan hill stations which stand at above 7000ft, Pakistan has lots to offer. Lahore, the second largest city is the cultural and fashion hub of Pakistan. The Lahore fort, Badshahi Mosque, Shalimar Gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir are key Mughal architectural icons of the city. The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum ranked Pakistan as one of the top 25 tourist destinations due to its abundance of World Heritage sites such as Moenjodaro, Taxila, Buddhist ruins of Takht-i-Bahi, monuments of Thatta, Fort and Shalimar Gardens and the Rohtas Fort (www. tourism. gov. pk ). K2, the world’s second highest mountain attracts numerous mountain climbers from across the globe each year. The northern part of Pakistan boasts a large amount of forts and ancient architecture such as the Chitral and Hunza valley also known for their scenic beauty. Other peaks such as Nanga Parbat and Rakaposhi are also renowned and are supported by remote resorts which provide an ideal summer get away for tourists (Rehmat Karim Baig, 2005). The country also hosts various festivals and fairs that are aimed at attracting tourists. The ski resorts in the northern part have annual skiing championships. Moreover, paragliding shows, the cholistan jeep rally, Kalash festival, Silk Route festival and Polo Festivals are held regularly. Trekking, Skiing, rafting, hunting, mountain and desert jeep safaris, fishing, bird watching and camel safaris are some unique experiences Pakistan has to offer in terms of adventure tourism. With a classic topography including towering mountains, narrow passes and beautiful glaciers the country is heaven for the adventure centered tourists (www. pakistan4ever. com). Pakistan also offers spiritual tourism for various religions and ethnicities such as Buddhists and Sikhs form neighboring countries. The Indus Valley gave rise to various civilizations and gained fame throughout the world. Sport tourism is also a major attraction. The Shandur Polo Festival is the most attracting sports festival for both local and foreign tourists. Other sports include white water rafting, rock climbing, angling and mountain biking (Mujahida Noreen, 2002). Tours and Packages are easily accessible for tourists which include day trips to heritage sites, city trips, summer and winter packages. Apart from the hill stations and culturally diverse landscape, Pakistani cities of Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi are an adventure in themselves. From the lively shopping districts of Karachi to the scrumptious meals in Lahore, each city has its specialty. Pakistani tourists on the other hand are major contributors to the tourism revenue. The northern hill stations of Ayubia and Nathiagali are renowned for there scenic beauty, tranquility and adventures. Lahore is the fashion capital of Pakistan and offers numerous shopping and food service facilities. The ‘Food Street’ in Lahore is most renowned because of its delicacies. Tourism in Pakistan is endless, with so much to offer, the country is a haven for tourists of all kinds. Visit Pakistan and you will never regret it (Government of Pakistan, UNDP, and WTO, 2000). References 1. Mujahida Noreen. (2002). Tourism in Pakistan. Univeristy of Michigan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies. 2. Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from www. tourism. gov. pk 3. Pakistan Travel and Tourism Guide. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from www. pakistan4ever. com 4. Rehmat Karim Baig, (2005). â€Å"Mountaineering and Tourism Promotion in Chitral†, proceeding Report -Seminars on Mountain Tourism, pp. 31-3. 5. Government of Pakistan, UNDP, and WTO. (2000). Tourism Master Plan-Pakistan, Madrid.

China accounting standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China accounting standards - Essay Example The accounting standards determine the procedure for preparation of financial statements which produces information like business revenues, expenditure, net income, assets, liabilities and the wealth of the stakeholders. Overview: Chinese Accounting standards China has its own system of accounting standards that is maintained in the land of China. The accounting standards of China are composed basic standards, specific standards and application guidance. There are thirty-eight specific standards that are followed in the Chinese accounting standards. During the socialist period, the government of China was the sole owner of the industry. The accounting standards of China are unique as it developed during the socialist regime and is tailor made to the objectives of the Chinese economy. The Chinese accounting standards are intended to focus less on the information of profit and loss. The accounting standards differ from the western accounting standards in terms of providing guideline on information on inventory of the industries. In comparison to the western accounting standards, the Chinese accounting standards are intended less towards accounting of debt of a corporation (Coulaud,  Schulz and  Debilliers, 2008). ... Moreover, the Chinese economy underwent reforms and achieved rapid progress in industrial development. This created the need of revising the accounting standards of China in order to create a competitive ground with the international accounting standards. In 2006, the government of China passed a new accounting law in joint consultation with the ministry of finance, the international accounting standards committee and the representative from the Chinese economy. With a view towards the emerging scenario of integration of international trade with the Chinese trade, the accounting standards of China adopted several standards recommended by the International accounting standards board. In order to align the information on the business performance of China through financial statements and reports and to allow a platform for comparison of the Chinese business with the top listed companies all over the world, the accounting standards of China adopted several features of the international a ccounting standards. The financial reporting procedure was replaced by the international financial reporting standards. The financial reporting criteria helped to compare the financial statements of the Chinese company with the rest of the world which added a significant feature in the era of globalization (Avery,  Zhu and  Cai, 2009). The alignment of the financial reporting standards adopted by China to the International accounting standards is about 95%. Impacts of changes in Chinese accounting standards The changes in the accounting standards of China for preparation of financial statements and accounts have created major impacts on the ways on financial accounting and generating annual reports of the Chinese companies. His has also paved the path of

Chart of Accounts for Health Care Organizations Essay

Chart of Accounts for Health Care Organizations - Essay Example A number of healthcare services including hospice, emergency care, outpatient surgeries, long-term home care, pharmacies and rehabilitation services among many others. Formed through a merger of Samaritan Health System and Lutheran Health Systems in 1999, the company has grown rapidly and currently boasts of assets worth $6.4 Billion (Piland, Glass & Center for Research in Ambulatory Health Care Administration, 1999). Banner Health has an efficient structure that has continued to portray its readiness to face the dynamic nature of the industry. The network continues to position itself strategically in the provision of healthcare services thereby making itself ready to offer its services in the next decade. Key among such strategies is the expansion of its network coupled with its diversification plan. As explained earlier, the company has expanded from Phoenix in Arizona to have more than twenty outlets in several other states. Such is an effective strategy the network employs in ens uring that it reaches as many Americans as possible. Health care is a basic need in any economy; the company, therefore, grows its network thereby enhancing the accessibility of its services throughout the nation. The same is the case with the diversification of the network. Banner Health offers a number of services including pharmacy, hospice, rehabilitation services, laboratory services and hospital care among many others. Demand for health care services is dynamic given the changing lifestyle in the contemporary society. The next decade promises further changes a feature that requires the services providers to streamline their capabilities. Banner health portrays the dynamism capable of handling the demands for health care service in the future. Emergency services are vital in ensuring that the company handles the demand for emergency services. The same is the case with hospice and home care among the many other services.

Literature and Laboratory Skills Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature and Laboratory Skills - Thesis Example This paper looks at the process of developing a bioreactor and subsequently using it to grow cyanobacterial species that release cylindrospermopsins. It then investigates the isolation and detection of the innate compounds present in cylindrospermopsin in significant quantities through chromatographic (HPLC) and immunologic assays (ELISA). This research hopes to mitigate the negative effect of cylindrospermopsin through a thorough understanding of its growth. The study will test the first hypothesis by analyzing fresh water samples from various water bodies around various countries and making a comparison. This will either support or refute this hypothesis. The second hypothesis is tested by investigating the biological activity of cylindrospermopsins in living organisms, paying keen interest to the toxicity levels and the impact of cylindrospermopsins on metabolic pathways. Significant biological activity or impact on metabolic pathways will support this hypothesis. The therapeutic activity of modified CYL is investigated in the third hypothesis. Cylindrospermopsin alkaloids are three water-soluble toxins consisting of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) (1), 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (7-deoxy-CYN) (2), and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (7-epi-CYN) (3). They are metabolic products of a range of cyanobacterial species. The unique structural feature of these alkaloids consists of a uracil ring covalently linked to a sulfonated tricyclic guanidine. These natural metabolites are reported to contain toxicological properties. Therefore, there is the need to detect their presence in water and subsequently remove them. Cylindrospermopsin was first extracted in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and characterised using a combination of NMR and mass spectroscopy. 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin was later discovered and characterised in 1999 by HPLC

Comparative International Reporting (Accounting) Essay

Comparative International Reporting (Accounting) - Essay Example Financial reports should be understandable, relevant, comparable and reliable (New Zealand International Financial Reporting Standards.2008). Financial reporting as said earlier is mandatory in all countries irrespective of laws prevailing. Accounting reports are prepared according to laws or standards framed for this purpose. In New Zealand the Financial reporting standards board or the FRSB is responsible for developing, implementing and ensuring accounting standards in the country (New Zealand Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards. 2011). The FRSB forwards new accounting standards to the Accounting Standards Review board or the ASRB for approval. It also works along with the International accounting standards board. In New Zealand issuers of securities and large profit making reporting entities are required to fully comply with the international financial reporting standards. According to the financial reporting act of 1993, reporting entities includes busines s which issues securities under the securities act and companies and other entities whose legislation requires them to comply with the act of 1993. The financial reporting act of 1993, places obligations to all such organizations to prepare financial statements in compliance with the generally accepted accounting practice within five months of their financial year. Smaller companies except issuers of securities and overseas companies can comply with less stringent requirements up to the limit of justification on their costs. It is also mandatory for companies to audit their financial statements and to file them with the registrar of companies in the public register. Meanwhile small overseas companies are exempted from this condition. The 1993 act has established the ASRB with the prime purpose to approve financial reporting standards. The Institute of chartered accountants of New Zealand, a professional body is responsible for developing and submitting financial reporting standards to the board (Financial reporting law. 2010). Since the introduction of New Zealand eqvallent to the IFRS, all the entities have to work through ever changing and more complex requirements of reporting. These challenges have reached the point of height when the entities are required to prepare and submit their annual report to share holders and other stake holders. With regard to presentation of the income statement, the companies have two options. The financial statements are approved for the purpose of issue within a period for 65 days average for listed entities and 100 days for non listed entities. Financial statements make up nearly 60% of the annual report. According to NZ IAS 1 , a minimum and separate disclosure on the face of the income statement of revenue, finance costs, profit and loss share of associates and joint ventures accounted for using equity method, profit or loss and tax expenses. Even though there is no specific requirement to show operating expense on the sta tements, the NZ IAS1 gives a choice for companies to select presentation of services by function or by nature. The NZ IAS1 also requires inclusion of primary statements that show changes in equity. This can be due to changes arising other than from transactions with equity shareholders acting in their capacity and all changes in equity or SOCIE. With regard

Obesity, Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Functions in Children Research Paper

Obesity, Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Functions in Children - Research Paper Example Obstructive sleep apnea is caused when the airways are significantly narrowed, and again increased neck weight can contribute to this narrowing and the subsequent breathing problems (Chan et al, 2004). Although the links between sleep apnea and obesity are well-researched, the links between impaired cognitive function, obesity and sleep disruption are minimal, although studies have been done comparing two of the above. The article in question (Clark, 2005) illustrates the possible links found between all three of the conditions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the biology behind the research and investigate the possible reasons for the connection. The structure of the pharynx is illustrated in figure 1. From this diagram, it is evident that the windpipe is a narrow structure and any further narrowing could cause a lowered ability to receive sufficient air into the lungs. Obstructive sleep apnea is categorized by a cyclic closing and opening of the pharynx during sleep, which can lead to disrupted gas exchange and disturbed sleep (Strohl, 1996). Evidently, any disruption in sleep is going to cause excessive fatigue/sleepiness, but research suggests that the effects of sleep apnea go beyond this and cause behavioural problems (such as impulse control and hyperactivity) and cognitive deficits. It has been suggested that these are caused by intermittent states of hypoxemia as well as reductions in brain metabolism (Clark, 2005). Figure 1 – Diagram of the neck illustrating the pharynx (Clark, 2005) There are also suggestions that obesity is linked to cognitive deficits. Learning, memory and abstract reasoning were all shown to be lower in people suffering from obesity and hypertension, although the effects were seen in men only (Elias et al, 2003). Despite this evidence, it is unclear whether obesity is a result of or a cause of these impaired cognitive facilities. People who have taken part in cognitive skill building exercises as younger children ar e shown to have less chance of developing obesity as adults (Hill et al, 2003), but this could be partly due to socioeconomic factors. Other suggestions have been made that show that impaired cognitive function is a result of obesity. The glucocorticoids (GC), for example, are implicated. Figure 2 shows the chemical structure of cortisol, an important example in this group of steroid hormones. GCs are found in almost every vertebrate cell, and bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GCs are important in several areas of the brain, including the hippocampus, the amygdala and the frontal lobes (Clark, 2005). In obesity, individuals may be exposed to an abnormally high amount of glucocorticoids (Masuzaki et al, 2001), and evidently if they play an important role in brain function, obesity could well be a cause of impaired cognitive function. Image 2 – The Chemical Structure of Cortisol (Clark, 2005) Obesity has also been linked to a number of neurological conditions, primarily stroke. A stroke is characterized by a swift loss of brain function because of a blockage or other disturbance of the blood supply to the brain (Clark, 2005). Thrombotic stroke is the most common type of stroke in obese individuals (Clark, 2005). Blood supply in

Traffic Rage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Traffic Rage - Essay Example always on the look out for people who create disturbance and scenes on the road and in essence hinder the smooth running of vehicles on the pathways. However traffic rage is a wholly different phenomenon which deals with congestion of traffic on the roads when the traffic is caught up in a deadlock for hours and hours at a stretch. Traffic rage, similar to road rage brings in frustration, tension and all sorts of problems that the motorists usually face in such a situation. Traffic rage is essentially linked with the problem that a person is going through while he is unable to control his temper and anger in the wake of knowing that the vehicles behind him and in front of him are stuck in the same quagmire and he cannot do anything about it. This non-control of emotions and feelings and making them public in a physical or verbal sense is a direct example of what traffic rage can literally be like. An important factor here is to understand that the traffic rage does not lay courtesy the vehicle under question or objects that leads to it in the first place, rather it is due to the state of affairs of the person who undertakes the act of traffic rage which quintessentially governs the whole state of mind that he is in, forced or unforced. Furthermore, it also accounts to the person’s non-understanding nature and lack of thinking and eventually acting ability which leads him to flow with the emotions and feelings that he just fails to control the sa me and thus end up in problems at a later stage. On a more personal note, my traffic rage stems from the fact that I was getting late for work on that particular morning and there was just so much traffic that I knew for sure that I would end up being late at the office. I just could not make myself to understand the situation at hand and kept on continuing criticizing the government’s and law enforcement agencies’ state of affairs. I was constantly bickering within my car which everyone around (in their cars) could

Globalization and Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization and Environment - Essay Example The treaty signed helps in offloading one commodity and acquired the other. There are different rewards and detriments that are coupled with globalization (studentresearch 1). The concern of this writing will be the outcome of globalization on the environment. Globalization is inescapable in many countries of the sphere. Every country requires offloading its excessive production in a market with the highest return. The country will also want to buy a commodity that is produced scarcely in the country. When buying, the country will choose from the available options and will go to the high quality and low-cost commodities. The final segment of this trade will ensure that the country makes profit. The profit made will be useful for investment, and the invested segment will lead to economic growth and prosperity. During the investment trend, countries have come to invest on what they can produce best. Producing the best commodities leads to specialization. In the course of economic growth and investment, there is a high trend of population growth. The populace growth can be as a result of numerous measures. Investors can immigrate into the country to look for an investment opportunity (Jorgenson and Givens 849). This measure is considered to have a small weight on the escalation of the population. Secondly, there is always a positive population growth in every country resulting from a high birth rate and low mortality rates. The final answer to the equation is always an increase in mortality rates. The growth of persons in the area has some consequence to the environment. An increase in population usually leads to increased pressure to the environmental resources. Reserves like land, water, and forestry are highly affected. The effect makes comes in when must settlement of the increased population. The population will opt to move to the unsettled area that mostly act as a source of the water reserves. When the